格致

to study the underlying principles, esp. in neo-Confucian rational learning 理学; word for Western natural sciences during late Qing

to study the underlying principle to acquire knowledge (idiom); pursuing knowledge to the end

Chinese national culture; studies of ancient Chinese civilization

natural science

Western learning (intellectual movement in the late Qing); also called 洋務運動|洋务运动

old learning; Chinese traditional teaching as opposed to material from the West